1. Risk Assessment Tools

• COMPAS (Northpointe) – Predicts recidivism; used in sentencing (e.g., Wisconsin).
• PSA (Public Safety Assessment) – Informs bail decisions.
• LSI-R (Level of Service Inventory-Revised) – Assesses reoffending risk.

Issues: Studies (e.g., ProPublica) show racial bias (higher false positives for Black defendants).

2. Predictive Policing Algorithms

• PredPol, ShotSpotter – Forecast crime hotspots; criticized for over-policing minority neighborhoods.

3. AI in Expedited Processes

• No AI-based "fast sentencing" – Some courts use NLP for document review, but judges decide verdicts.
• Concerns: Lack of transparency ("black box" algorithms), wrongful arrests (facial recognition errors).